Is Interior Paint Toxic?

Worried about toxic fumes from interior paint? Yes, some interior paints can be toxic, but safer options exist. This post explores the toxicity of different interior paint types, the associated risks, and how to minimise exposure. We’ll explore VOCs, other harmful ingredients, and safer alternatives like low-VOC and zero-VOC paints. Learn how to protect yourself and your family by making informed paint choices and following safety precautions.

Understanding Volatile Organic Compounds in Your Paint

Volatile Organic Compounds, or VOCs, are a group of chemicals found in many everyday products, including interior paint. During painting, as the paint dries, VOCs are released into the air as gases from liquids or solids, contributing to that distinctive ‘new paint’ aroma many recognise.

The presence of VOCs in the air results in the characteristic ‘wet paint’ smell, which is more than just an odour identifier—it signals the release of these compounds into your environment. As paint dries, VOCs evaporate at room temperature, which can continue for days, weeks or even months after application, leading to sustained indoor air exposure.

This release process is not merely a matter of scent; it initiates a chain reaction that affects air quality and potentially impacts human health. Consider the broad selection of paints available, each with varying VOC levels that influence their particular impact on indoor environments. By understanding how VOCs behave, you can make more informed choices about the types of paint you use inside your home or workspace.

Types of Interior Paints and Their Toxicity

Interior paints come in various types, each with distinct compositions and levels of toxicity. A critical factor in their toxicity is the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are chemicals that evaporate at room temperature and can negatively impact health and the environment.

1. Oil-Based Paints

• VOC Levels: High VOC content, often exceeding 250 grams per litre (g/L).
• Toxicity: Oil-based paints release significant VOCs during application and drying, which can cause short-term symptoms like headaches, nausea, and respiratory irritation. Long-term exposure may lead to liver, kidney, or central nervous system damage and is linked to cancer risks.
• Environmental Impact: These paints also contain heavy metals and other hazardous substances, which are challenging to dispose of.

2. Water-Based Paints (Latex and Acrylic)

• VOC Levels: Low VOC content (often below 50 g/L for low-VOC formulations).
• Toxicity: Safer than oil-based paints but not entirely free from harmful chemicals. Some formulations may include formaldehyde or ammonia, which can irritate the eyes and respiratory system.
• Environmental Impact: More eco-friendly due to lower VOC emissions.

3. Natural Paints

• VOC Levels: Minimal to zero VOCs.
• Toxicity: Made with plant-based or mineral ingredients, these paints are non-toxic and safe for indoor use. They are ideal for reducing health risks and improving indoor air quality.
• Environmental Impact: Highly sustainable and environmentally friendly.

4. Lead-Based Paints (Historical Use)

• VOC Levels: Not directly relevant but highly toxic due to lead.
• Toxicity: Lead exposure can cause severe health issues, particularly in children, including developmental delays and neurological damage. These paints have been banned in many countries but may still be present in older homes.

5. Zero-VOC Paints

• VOC Levels: Less than 5 g/L.
• Toxicity: These paints are formulated to eliminate harmful emissions entirely, making them the safest option for health-conscious consumers.

What are the health risks associated with VOCs in paint?

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in paint pose significant health risks, ranging from short-term discomfort to severe long-term effects. Understanding these risks is crucial for making informed decisions about paint selection and usage.

Short-term Health Effects

Exposure to VOCs in paint can cause immediate symptoms, including:

• Eye, nose, and throat irritation
• Headaches and dizziness
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fatigue and loss of coordination
• Allergic skin reactions
• Breathing difficulties (dyspnea)
• Nosebleeds

These symptoms are typically more pronounced during and shortly after painting, especially in poorly ventilated areas.

Long-term Health Risks

Prolonged or repeated exposure to VOCs can lead to more serious health issues:

• Damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system
• Increased cancer risk in both animals and humans
• Worsening of asthma and allergy symptoms
• Potential developmental delays and neurological damage (particularly from historical lead-based paints)3

Specific Health Concerns

1. Respiratory Issues: VOCs can exacerbate existing respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD.
2. Cognitive Effects: Some VOCs may cause confusion, memory problems, and impaired cognitive function.
3. Cardiovascular Impact: Exposure can lead to changes in heart rhythm and other cardiac problems.
4. Neurological Effects: In severe cases, VOC exposure may cause seizures or paralysis.
5. Occupational Hazards: Professional painters are at higher risk of developing serious conditions due to prolonged exposure.

Environmental Impact

Beyond direct health effects, VOCs in paint contribute to environmental issues:

• Indoor air pollution, with VOC levels often 2-5 times higher indoors than outdoors
• Formation of ground-level ozone when VOCs react with nitrogen oxides outdoors

Vulnerable Populations

Certain groups may be more susceptible to VOC-related health issues:

• Children and the elderly
• Individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions
• Pregnant women
• People with chemical sensitivities

How can I reduce VOC exposure when painting indoors?

To reduce VOC exposure when painting indoors, follow these effective strategies:

Choose Low-VOC or Zero-VOC Paints

Opt for paints labelled as low-VOC or zero-VOC to reduce harmful chemical emissions significantly. These paints offer:

• Lower emission levels
• Milder odours that dissipate faster
• Comparable durability to conventional paints
• Look for paints with “Green Seal” certification for adherence to strict VOC content guidelines.

Ensure Proper Ventilation

Ventilation is crucial for dispersing VOCs and improving air quality. To maximise airflow:

1. Open windows and doors on opposite sides of the room to create cross-breezes
2. Use box fans near windows to pull air out or circulate fresh air in
3. Run exhaust fans in kitchens and bathrooms
4. Keep the area ventilated for several hours during and after painting

Use Air Purifiers

Air purifiers with HEPA and activated carbon filters can effectively remove VOCs from the air. When using air purifiers:

• Choose a unit with the capacity to handle the room’s size
• Place the purifier in the painting area
• Run it continuously during and after painting

Seal Off the Painting Area

Contain paint fumes within a specific space to prevent them from spreading:

• Remove furniture and items from the room
• Cover doors and windows with plastic sheeting
• Use door seals or draft stoppers at the base of doors
• Set up zip walls for large, open spaces

Allow Adequate Drying Time

Wait until the paint is fully dry and cured before reoccupying the space. Keep children and pets out of painted rooms for at least 24-48 hours.

Wear Protective Gear

For those directly involved in painting, wear appropriate protective equipment:

• Use gloves to avoid skin contact
• Wear a face mask to reduce inhalation of fumes
• Consider eye protection

Schedule Strategically

Plan your painting project when fewer people are present in the home to minimise exposure.

What are safer paint alternatives for your home?

Safer paint alternatives have gained popularity due to increasing awareness of the health and environmental impacts of traditional paints. Here’s an overview of low-VOC, zero-VOC, and natural paint options, along with their pros and cons:

Low-VOC Paints

Low-VOC paints contain reduced levels of volatile organic compounds compared to traditional paints.

Pros:

• Wider range of colours and sheens available
• More durable than zero-VOC options
• Lower cost compared to zero-VOC paints (about 20% less)
• Easier to apply, similar to regular paint
• Significantly reduced health risks compared to standard paints

Cons:

• Still contains some VOCs, though at lower levels
• May cause issues for highly sensitive individuals
• Not as environmentally friendly as zero-VOC options

Zero-VOC Paints

Zero-VOC paints contain no (or extremely minimal) volatile organic compounds.

Pros:

• Safest option for human health
• Environmentally friendly
• Minimal to no odour
• Ideal for people with chemical sensitivities or respiratory issues

Cons:

• Limited colour options compared to low-VOC paints
• May be less durable, especially in high-traffic areas
• Higher cost than low-VOC and traditional paints
• Can be more challenging to apply

Natural Paints

Natural paints are made from plant-based or mineral ingredients, avoiding synthetic chemicals.

Pros:

• Non-toxic and safe for indoor use
• Environmentally sustainable
• Often zero-VOC
• Unique, earthy aesthetics

Cons:

• Limited colour range
• May be less durable than synthetic options
• Can be more expensive
• May require special application techniques

Notable Brands and Products in Australia

Several notable brands and products in Australia offer low-VOC or zero-VOC paint options:

• Ecolour: 100% Australian-owned, zero-VOC paint brand. Offers Eco Living Interior, Tuscan Flat, and Wet Area Satin paints.
• Rockcote: Provides a non-toxic, low-VOC Eco Style range.
• Resene: Offers Zylone Sheen Zero, a no-added VOC paint suitable for interior use.
• Dulux: Features the envirO₂™ range, which has <1g/L VOC content and Global GreenTag™ certifications.
• Porter’s Paints: Known for mineral paints suitable for heritage buildings and offering rich, complex colors.
• Mythic: Produces a non-toxic paint range that includes zero-VOC exterior paint.
• Taubmans: Offers the Pure Performance line of low-VOC paints.
• Biopaints: Mentioned as a brand offering non-toxic, VOC-free options.

These brands provide environmentally friendly paint options with varying levels of VOC content, catering to different needs and preferences in the Australian market.